Dynamic impacts of energy use, agricultural land expansion, and deforestation on CO2 emissions in Malaysia

This study empirically investigates the nexus among energy use, agricultural land expansion, deforestation, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Malaysia. Time series data from 1990 to 2019 were utilized using bounds testing (ARDL) approach followed by Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) method. The DOLS estimate findings show that usage coefficient is positive significant with CO2 emissions, indicating a 1% increase consumption related 0.91% rise emissions. In addition, of positive, which indicates expansion associated an 0.84% long run. Furthermore, forested area negative, means decreasing wooded (i.e., deforestation) has long-term effect 5.41% increased Moreover, pairwise Granger causality test results bidirectional between deforestation use; unidirectional use empirical reveal have negative impact on environmental quality Thus, effective implementation policy measures promote renewable energy, climate-smart agriculture, sustainable management forest ecosystems could be useful for reducing degradation